The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a non-enveloped, double-stranded, circular DNA oncogenic virus which is the most common sexually transmitted disease. Infections from the HPV may cause multiple epithelial lesions and cancers, most commonly cervical cancer. HPV infection 

Molecular typing of HPV offers detection of all different types of the virus, which are characterized as high and low risk strains according to their potential to cause cancer or not. The analysis includes the detection of HPV strain 16 and HPV strain 18, that confer the highest risk to cervical cancer development. 

Sample type: Cervical smear in tube containing transport medium or cervical biopsy in FFPE block

Time to obtain result: 1 week

What is the endometrial microbiota?

It is the collection of trillions of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses) that live in symbiosis in the endometrium (the inner lining of the uterine cavity), and plays a crucial role in female reproductive health. Alterations in the female genital tract microbiome are consistently correlated with gynaecological and obstetric pathologies, and tract dysbiosis can affect reproductive outcomes during fertility treatment.

What results will I get from this analysis?

• determines the bacterial composition of the endometrium
• assesses whether the uterine microbial environment is suitable for embryo implantation
• helps the clinician to recommend appropriate antibiotic and probiotic treatment

Using the latest next-generation sequencing methods, this analysis can detect and calculate the percentage of bacteria present in the endometrium. Certain bacteria have already been linked to the development of chronic endometritis and sexually transmitted diseases.

Whom is it for endometrial Microbiome Analysis?

• Patients with recurrent implantation failure
• Patients with recurrent pregnancy loss
• Infertile women
• Used as part of prenatal or preventive screening

Sample type: Endometrial tissue biopsy or endometrial fluid.

Time to obtain result: 2-3 weeks

These are all sexually transmitted bacteria. A number of urogenital infections and pregnancy complications have been associated with Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma species. Chlamydia trachomatis, the most common sexually transmitted bacterium, causes chlamydia, and can manifest in various ways: trachoma, lymphogranuloma venereum, nongonococcal urethritis, cervicitis, salpingitis and pelvic inflammatory disease. Untreated Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections can lead to complications and sequelae in women, such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancy, and infertility.

Sample type: period blood, sperm

Time to obtain result: 5 working days

Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite that infects individuals with healthy immune systems and is usually asymptomatic. However, immunocompromised patients with toxoplasmosis infection experience severe symptoms in the heart, lungs and eyes. In addition, infection, especially during the first trimester of pregnancy, can lead to congenital toxoplasmosis of the fetus. Maternal-to-fetal transmission of this infection can have devastating ophthalmic and neurological consequences on the fetus.

Sample type: Blood sample in EDTA containing tube, amniotic fluid, serum

Time to obtain result: 3-5 working days

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a very common virus in the herpes virus family that infects most people who have a weakened immune system and is asymptomatic. If a pregnant woman is infected with CMV, there is a small risk that her unborn baby will also be infected. Babies born with CMV can have brain, liver, spleen, lung and growth problems. The most common long-term health problem in babies born with the infection is hearing loss. Congenital infection can lead to deafness and other serious conditions.

Sample type: Blood sample in EDTA containing tube, amniotic fluid, serum 

Time to obtain result: 3-5 working days

Herpes simplex 1 (HSV1) is associated with infections of the mouth, face and brain. Herpes simplex 2 (HSV2) is associated with infections of the genitals. It can cause painful blisters that constantly disappear and reappear, usually around the mouth and genitals. Many people who are infected aren’t aware it because infections can be asymptomatic.

Sample type: amniotic fluid, smear sample

Time to obtain result: 3-5 working days